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Foreword by John Tomczyk I
Introduction ii
Chapter 1: The Fuels of Combustion 1
Fuel
Natural Gas 2
Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) Propane 3
Fuel Oil 4
Chapter 1 Review Questions 10
Chapter 2: Combustion
Combustion Principles 11
Air : Fuel 16
The Chemistry of Combustion I 7
Chapter 2 Review Questions 24
Chapter 3: Time – Temperature – Turbulence 25
Time 25
Flame Speed 27
Theoretical Flame 27
Temperature 32
Turbulence 33
Chapter 3 Review Questions 35
Chapter 4: Combustion Testing 37
Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide and Excess Air
Measurement of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide 38
Electronic Flue Gas Analyzers 38
Electrochemical Sensors 39
Carbon Monoxide and Carbon Monoxide Air Free 42
Theoretical Air Curve of Natural Gas 44
Stoichiometric Chart 45
Theoretical Air Curve of Fuel Oil #2 46
Stoichiometric Chart 47
Theoretical Air Curve of Propane 48
Stoichiometric Chart 49
Chapter 4 Review Questions 50
Chapter 5: Testing, Adjustment and Verification 51
Category I (Mid-efficiency NG and LPG Appliances) 53
Test, Adjust Verify 54
Step by Step Test Procedure 55
Worksheet 56
Category IV (Condensing Gas Appliance NG and LPG) 60
Step by Step Test Procedure 61
Probe Locations 62
Chapter 5 Review Questions 68
Chapter 6: Draft 69
Thermal Draft 70
Natural Draft 70
Atmospheric Appliances 72
Mechanical Draft 73
Forced Draft 73
Induced Draft 74
Balanced Draft 75
Reading a U-Tube Manometer 78
Reading an Inclined Manometer 79
Chapter 6 Review Questions 80
Chapter 7: Stack Temperature and Efficiency 81
Chapter 7 Review Questions 86
Chapter 8: Carbon Monoxide Safety 87
Carbon Monoxide Safety Is Everybody's Business 87
Opportunities in Carbon Monoxide Safety 87
What is Carbon Monoxide? 88
Health Affects of Carbon Monoxide 90
Monitoring CO Levels in Buildings 91
Why Wait for the Alarm or Injury? 91
How Much Carbon Monoxide Is too Much? 92
Building Pressure, Combustion Analysis and CO 94
To Learn about CO, You Must Measure CO 95
Normal Levels of Carbon Monoxide 96
Appendix 98 - 132
Temperature Conversion Tables
Pressure Conversion Tables
Fuel Efficiency Tables
Fuel Properties
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